Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. [93] In France, Geoffrey of Anjou took advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy. [196] In 1148, Stephen built the Cluniac Faversham Abbey as a resting place for his family. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [202] Stephen also cut his links to the Cistercian order, and turned instead to the Cluniacs, of which Henry was a member. [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [88] There were significant underlying problems, nonetheless. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. TV-PG. [54][nb 7], Meanwhile, the Norman nobility gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring Theobald king, probably following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [187] Geoffrey and Matilda's son, the future King Henry II of England, mounted a small mercenary invasion of England in 1147 but the expedition failed, not least because Henry lacked the funds to pay his men. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. [147] No help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald this time either, who appears to have been preoccupied with his own problems with Francethe new French king, Louis VII, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou and taking a more bellicose line with Theobald, which would result in war the following year. WebStephen Hawking. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [78] Events in England meant that Stephen was unable to travel to Normandy himself, so Waleran de Beaumont, appointed by Stephen as the lieutenant of Normandy, and Theobald led the efforts to defend the duchy. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. [138] Many of his supporters, including Waleran de Beaumont and William of Ypres, fled from the field at this point but Stephen fought on, defending himself first with his sword and then, when that broke, with a borrowed battle axe. 1038), Blood on Their Hands, and Sex on Their Minds. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. Watch Now. Crouch (2008a), p. 29; King (2010), pp. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [148] Geoffrey's success in Normandy and Stephen's weakness in England began to influence the loyalty of many Anglo-Norman barons, who feared losing their lands in England to Robert and the Empress, and their possessions in Normandy to Geoffrey. [126] Meanwhile, Miles of Gloucester marched east, attacking Stephen's rearguard forces at Wallingford and threatening an advance on London. [180] Stephen's overall income from his estates, however, declined seriously during the conflict, particularly after 1141, and royal control over the minting of new coins remained limited outside of the south-east and East Anglia. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. [223], Certainly many problems remained to be resolved, including re-establishing royal authority over the provinces and resolving the complex issue of which barons should control the contested lands and estates after the long civil war. [36] He was very pious, both in terms of his observance of religious rituals and his personal generosity to the church. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. [240], Stephen remains a popular subject for historical study: David Crouch suggests that after King John he is "arguably the most written-about medieval king of England". The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. Roger and his family were also enemies of Waleran, who disliked their control of the royal administration. (2001) "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135," in Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. Keith Stringer argues that Stephen "was surely right" to seize the castles, and that the act was a "calculated display of royal masterfulness"; Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow praise the military soundness of the tactic. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup. [71] Stephen gave out grants of land and favours to those present and endowed numerous church foundations with land and privileges. [179] Certainly in many parts of the country, such as Wiltshire, Berkshire, the Thames Valley and East Anglia, the fighting and raiding had caused serious devastation. [191] Stephen marched rapidly north to York and the planned attack disintegrated, leaving Henry to return to Normandy, where he was declared duke by his father. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. Neither mission was particularly successful, and by the end of 1137 the King appears to have abandoned attempts to put down the rebellion. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. Stephen died the following year. Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. 189190; Barlow, pp. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". [95] Occasionally pitched battles were fought between armies but these were considered highly risky endeavours and were usually avoided by prudent commanders. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [73] Pope Innocent II confirmed Stephen as king by letter later that year, and Stephen's advisers circulated copies widely around England to demonstrate his legitimacy. [159] Louis VII recognised him as Duke of Normandy shortly after. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. The royal control over the minting of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country. [40] The landless Flemish nobleman William of Ypres had joined Stephen's household in 1133. [101] Nonetheless, Stephen could now focus his attention on the anticipated invasion of England by Robert and Matilda's forces. Geoffrey of Anjou invaded in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. Historian David Crouch suggests that Stephen effectively "bowed out of Wales" around this time to concentrate on his other problems. [173], After 1143 the war ground on, but progressing slightly better for Stephen. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [221] Although Stephen's son William was unprepared to challenge Henry for the throne in 1153, the situation could well have shifted in subsequent yearsthere were widespread rumours during 1154 that William planned to assassinate Henry, for example. Theobald was appointed a papal legate in 1151, adding to his authority. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. [225] He began issuing royal writs for the south-west of England once again and travelled to York where he held a major court in an attempt to impress upon the northern barons that royal authority was being reasserted. [157] Stephen began re-establishing his authority. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. [23][nb 4] The ship foundered en route, and all but two of the passengers died, including William Adelin. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. [110] Stephen responded by demanding that Roger and the other bishops surrender all of their castles in England. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [128] Nigel hoped to seize East Anglia and established his base of operations in the Isle of Ely, then surrounded by protective fenland. [111] The remaining castles were then surrendered to the King. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography For his father, the Crusader, see. [168] Geoffrey gave in, but once free he headed north-east into the Fens to the Isle of Ely, from where he began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. [13], Henry responded by forming a network of alliances with the western counties of France against Louis, resulting in a regional conflict that would last throughout Stephen's early life. [46] Stephen, however, was in Boulogne, and when news reached him of Henry's death he left for England, accompanied by his military household. [21], In 1120, the English political landscape changed dramatically. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . Robert of Gloucester and the Empress besieged Henry in the city of Winchester in July. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. These armies, however, were ill-suited to besieging castles, whether the older motte-and-bailey designs or the newer, stone-built keeps. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [188], The young Henry FitzEmpress returned to England again in 1149, this time planning to form a northern alliance with Ranulf of Chester. [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. Weiler, Bjorn. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. [145] When Matilda advanced to London in an effort to stage her coronation in June, though, she faced an uprising by the local citizens in support of Stephen that forced her to flee to Oxford, uncrowned. 50m. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. Once again, the Angevin cavalry proved too strong, and for a moment it appeared that Stephen might be captured for a second time. 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